Characterizing the generation and spatial patterns of carbon emissions from urban express delivery service in China

Express delivery services, as an indispensable part of our daily life, have grown rapidly because of the booming e-commerce and logistics industries. Accordingly, there is increasing concern about the environmental load from delivering letters and parcels, such as road freight transportation emissions and packaging waste, which have not been seriously considered in previous work. In this study, a spatially based dynamic model has been created to quantify the impacts (measured in carbon emissions, CO₂eq.) from the express delivery sector in China. Specifically, intracity (urban) express delivery services—delivery and pick-up services located within the same city—was chosen for analysis. The results indicated that the carbon emissions from the transportation phase of the express delivery sector in Chinese cities varied from 20 t to 4000 t in 2017, of which 18% was attributable to the weight of extra packaging materials. Carbon emission intensities for all cities showed a close relationship with their socioeconomic status. For example, the spatial pattern of intracity express delivery volumes and associated carbon emissions showed a significant clustering property: high-value cities were clustered in eastern China and low-value cities in western China. Furthermore, the carbon hotspots were mainly located in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. Overall, our research method and preliminary findings could be helpful for the green development of the booming express delivery sector in China and beyond.     

Large eddy simulation and experimental study of the effect of wire mesh on flame behaviours of methane/air explosions in a semi-confined pipe

Preventing the propagation of flames in a pipeline is an effective measure for avoiding gas explosion accidents and reducing losses. To evaluate the effect of wire mesh, acting as a porous media, experimental and simulation studies are conducted to determine the influence of the wire mesh on the dynamics of premixed methane/air flame propagation in a semi-closed pipe. Four different kinds of wire mesh with different numbers of layers are chosen in the experiments and simulation, and the mechanism of wire mesh quenching of the flame is investigated. The experimental and simulation results are consistent. Flames are quenched when 4 layers of 40-mesh or 3 layers of 60-mesh wire mesh are used; however, once the flame propagates through the wire mesh, the risk of methane combustion may increase. The wire mesh becomes the key factor causing flame folds and acceleration, and the greater the number of layers or the larger the mesh size is, the more obvious the folds after the flame passes through the wire mesh. Moreover, the combination of heat absorption and disruption of the continuous flame surface by the mesh causes flame quenching. Wire mesh can effectively attenuate the flame temperature during premixed flame propagation in a pipe, and the attenuated maximum rate reaches approximately 79% in the case of adding 3 layers of 60-mesh wire mesh.     

侧向风速作用下聚氨酯泡沫双火源火蔓延研究

为探究环境风作用下逆向双点火源聚氨酯泡沫火蔓延及融合行为，开展多组对照实验并从材料传热机理角度分析侧向风速对火蔓延行为中火羽流形态、质量损失和辐射热流场等特征参数的影响。结果表明:风速与上述参数之间存在非线性关系。环境风效应使火焰被拉长且敷贴于预热区表面，增大预热区面积和热反馈；侧向风速的增加对FPU板材质量损失的影响逐渐弱化，且板材的熔滴率与风速呈正相关；无论侧向风是否存在，两侧逆向火焰融合后均达到整个蔓延过程中的峰值温度；风速的存在限制了火焰温度与辐射热通量峰值，也缩短了温度和辐射峰值出现的时间。     

酸性土壤条件下纳米氧化锌长期暴露对蕹菜生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探明酸性土壤条件下纳米氧化锌（nano-ZnO）长期暴露对蕹菜的生理生态效应，通过盆栽实验，设置7个浓度系列的nano-ZnO，70 d后测定相对叶绿素含量、生长参数和叶绿素荧光参数。结果显示，随nano-ZnO浓度升高，蕹菜相对叶绿素含量和生长参数先缓慢增加后显著下降。nano-ZnO对蕹菜生物量在根部和冠部间的分配无显著影响。相对叶绿素含量与nano-ZnO浓度呈显著负相关（r=-0.879,p<0.001）。在nano-ZnO质量比为160 mg/kg时，光合有效辐射190μmol/(m²·s)诱导的激发能过剩，但过剩激发能可通过热耗散保护机制消耗，以避免发生光损伤。酸性土壤条件下，弱光诱导的蕹菜叶绿素荧光参数对nano-ZnO长期暴露不敏感，但蕹菜的生物量累积易受nano-ZnO长期暴露的影响。     

巢湖水及沉积物中总磷的分布变化特征

磷是导致巢湖水体富营养化的主要营养物质。采集大量巢湖表层水和沉积物样品,通过检测上覆水和沉积物中总磷含量,分析巢湖水体中磷的时空变化及赋存特征。结果显示:巢湖南淝河和裕溪河河口的上覆水中总磷含量值时间变化特征为8月5月3月12月;且南淝河口总磷含量年均值超过地表水Ⅴ类水质标准,明显高于裕溪河口值;表层水和沉积物中总磷含量在空间分布上呈西高东低趋势,最高值均出现在靠近合肥市河口处。巢湖周边土壤及湖区磷的等值线分布表明:杭埠河流域农业污染、东巢湖东南部水土流失可能是巢湖磷面源污染的主要来源。巢湖上覆水和沉积物中总磷的相关系数为0.515,蓝藻爆发期全湖表层沉积物中总磷含量显著减少,揭示目前内源磷释放已是巢湖富营养化的主要因素。结果将对巢湖流域的污染综合防治及蓝藻治理工作提供科学依据。     

中国建设项目环境监理现状与发展趋势研究

建设项目环境监理是中国环境管理制度的一个组成部分,目前尚处于试点阶段,环境监理的管理体系还有待进一步完善。在对国内环境监理工作研究之后介绍了中国环境监理产生的背景、发展历程与现状,总结了现阶段已经取得的环境监理成果,并将部分省、市、自治区的环境监理工作开展情况进行了对比;同时对国家和各级地方环保主管部门开展环境监理工作存在的不足进行了剖析并提出了一些完善环境监理制度的建议,期冀中国的环境监理制度逐步健全并在环境管理工作中发挥重要的作用。     

压缩空气泡沫在长距离管路输送中压降的数值模拟

基于Fluent对压缩空气泡沫在长距离管道中的流动特性进行了数值模拟研究,将压缩空气泡沫近似为弥散流,采用Saplart-Allmaras模型模拟了不同管径下压缩空气泡沫以及不同泡沫原液浓度的AFFF泡沫在长距离管道内的流动及压降变化。模拟结果表明,随着距离变化,各管径管道内压降均呈现线性变化,且随着压缩空气泡沫的流动,压降线性增大。管道管径对管内压降变化具有显著影响,管道直径越小,管道内压降越大;泡沫原液浓度对压降的影响较小,且压缩空气泡沫在长距离输送中的压力随距离线性衰减。将模拟结果与长距离输送的试验结果进行了对比,误差在10%以内。     

基于Logistic回归的燃气管网风险因素重要度分析方法研究*

为确定燃气管网风险评估的关键风险因素,以A省各地市燃气管网为研究对象,基于燃气专家经验确定燃气管线风险等级,提出基于Logistic回归的燃气管网风险因素重要度分析方法。采用样本增强及随机抽样的方式,选取400个均衡样本作为管网评估数据输入,通过因子分析方法对其进行降维,得到3个公共因子并作为一级指标反向构建燃气管网风险评估指标体系;利用有序多分类Logistic回归方法,根据回归系数绝对值大小对风险因素进行重要度排序。研究结果表明:外界环境对燃气管网风险的贡献程度相对较高,管道自身因素和巡检养护次之。研究结果可为城市燃气风险防控提供理论依据和方法参考。     

Flame regime estimations of gasoline explosion in a tube

Flame regime of gasoline-air mixture explosion is related to chemical reaction, turbulent flow and heat and mass transfer. Experimental data of gas velocity, pressure and flame temperature of gasoline-air mixture explosion in a tube at the equivalence ratio of 0.72, 1.00 and 1.28 were preliminarily acquired. Then, fluctuating velocities, overpressures, and burned and unburned gas temperatures at early stage (50 ms), intermediate stage (150 ms) and last stage (250 ms) in three explosions were determined through the analysis of the experimental data. Finally, the Damköhler number and Reynolds number of the early, intermediate and late stage were calculated respectively, and the flame regimes for each stage were estimated through the Damköhler number vs. Reynolds number diagram. Results show that all the flames at early, intermediate and late stage of the three explosions have the same regime of flamelets-in-eddies. The conclusions can provide some useful references for further study of the flame regime and the numerical analysis model selection of gasoline-air mixture explosion.     

活性炭纤维对水中微囊藻毒素的吸附性能

利用活性炭纤维对水中微囊藻毒素MC—LR的吸附，研究了吸附过程的热力学与动力学特性。结果表明，活性炭纤维对MC—LR的平衡吸附量在相同温度下随MC-LR初始浓度的增加而显著增大，并随着温度升高而增加，最大吸附量达246μg／g。不同温度条件下，活性炭纤维对MC-LR的吸附均较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。通过热力学分析发现，△H=15．7kJ／mol、△G〈0、△S〉0，表明该吸附是自发的、吸热的过程，温度升高有利于吸附反应。动力学研究表明，该过程符合一级动力学方程。吸附反应速率受颗粒内扩散和液膜扩散共同影响。活性炭纤维经再生后，平衡吸附量变化较小，具有良好的重复使用性能。